卫生研究

目的 基于中国0～18岁儿童营养与健康系统调查与应用项目数据，描述我国2～5岁儿童膳食微量营养素，包括钙、铁、锌、硒、钾、维生素A、维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素C的摄入状况并分析城乡间的差异。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法，于2019—2021年抽取了14个省(自治区、直辖市)的820名2～5岁儿童，并用称重法记录3天24小时的膳食数据。使用SAS 9.4进行统计分析，计算2～5岁各年龄组儿童每日膳食微量营养素摄入量及分析城乡差异，并与推荐摄入量进行比较，评估2～5岁儿童膳食微量营养素摄入不足或过量的风险。结果 2～5岁各年龄组儿童每日膳食钙摄入量中位数分别为433.7、338.9、356.4和347.4 mg;每日膳食维生素B₁摄入量中位数均为0.5 mg;每日膳食维生素B₂摄入量分别为0.7、0.6、0.6和0.6 mg;每日膳食维生素C摄入量中位数分别为37.9、37.4、44.0和40.0 mg;每日膳食硒摄入量中位数分别为17.1、20.5、22.7和22.3μg。其中，2～5岁城市儿童膳食钙摄入量均高于农村儿童，2～5岁城市儿童膳食维生素B₂摄入量高于农村儿童，2岁和3岁组城市儿童铁、硒、锌和维生素B₁摄入量高于农村儿童。2～5岁儿童膳食钙摄入低于平均需要量的比例均较高，分别为61.4%、76.4%、91.4%和91.5%;膳食维生素B₁、维生素C和硒摄入量低于平均需要量比例分别为52.4%～63.2%、42.8%～50.2%和46.6%～58.7%。结论 2019—2021年中国2～5岁儿童膳食钙摄入不足状况依然严重，农村儿童更为突出。膳食维生素B₁、维生素C和硒摄入状况有待提高。

OBJECTIVE To describe dietary intake of calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂ and vitamin C and compare the intake between urban and rural areas among preschool children aged 2-5 years based on the data from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for Children 0-17 Years of Age in China.METHODS Children from 14 provinces were selected by multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling, and the dietary data of preschool children aged 2-5 years were recorded using the 3 day 24-hour weighted food records method. SAS 9.4 was used to calculate dietary intake of these micronutrients based on the Chinese Food Composition Table and to compare the intake between urban and rural areas. The risk of insufficient or excessive intake of micronutrients among Chinese children aged 2-5 years was assessed according to the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs) 2013 edition.RESULTS A total of 820 children aged 2 to 5 years were selected. The median daily dietary calcium intake of children aged 2-5 years in China was 433.7, 338.9, 356.4 and 347.4 mg, respectively. The median daily dietary intake of vitamin B₁ of children aged 2-5 years was 0.5 mg for all age groups. The median daily dietary vitamin B₂ intake of children aged 2-5 years was 0.7, 0.6, 0.6 and 0.6 mg, respectively. The median daily dietary intake of vitamin C of children aged 2-5 years was 37.9, 37.4, 44.0 and 40.0 mg, respectively. The median daily dietary selenium intake of children aged 2-5 years was 17.1, 20.5, 22.7 and 22.3 μg, respectively. Dietary calcium intake for aged 2-5 years, dietary vitamin B₂ intake for aged 2-4 years, dietary iron, selenium, zinc and vitamin B₁ intake for aged 2-3 years was significantly greater in urban children than rural children. Among all nutrients, the proportion of dietary calcium intakes below the estimated average requirement(EAR) was the highest in aged 2-5 years(61.4%, 76.4%, 91.4% and 91.5%,respectively). The proportions of dietary vitamin B₁, vitamin C and selenium intake lower than EAR of children aged 2-5 years in China were 52.4%-63.2%, 42.8%-50.2% and 46.6%-58.7%, respectively.COUCLUSION The dietary calcium intake of children aged 2-5 years in China remains insufficient for these children, especially for rural children. Dietary vitamin B₁, vitamin C and selenium intake should be improved.