卫生研究

目的 了解上海市高中生的膳食摄入数量和质量。方法 2015—2016年,按照学校所在街道的性质将学校分为3层(城市中心地区、城郊结合地区和远郊地区),采用按规模大小成比例的概率抽样法抽取上海市19所高中,每校从各年级随机抽取1个班级,每班随机抽取18名学生,男女各半,共1026名学生。调查内容包含一般情况调查和膳食调查。用《中国居民膳食指南2016》评价膳食摄入量,用中国健康膳食指数(CHDI)评价膳食质量。结果 上海市高中生谷薯类摄入量中位数为313.8 g/d,蔬菜类189.7 g/d,水果类66.3 g/d,禽畜肉类179.2 g/d,鱼虾类34.7 g/d,蛋类48.9 g/d,奶及奶制品133.3 g/d,大豆坚果类33.3 g/d,烹调油27.1 g/d和烹调盐6.0 g/d。男生和女生蔬菜类、水果类、鱼虾类和奶及奶制品的日均摄入量中位数均低于标准,禽畜肉类高于标准(P<0.05)。不同地区高中生的谷薯类、蔬菜类、水果类、禽畜肉类、鱼虾类、奶及奶制品、大豆坚果类、烹调油和盐的日均摄入量中位数差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。上海市高中生的CHDI总分中位数为68.5,得分主要在60～80之间,比例为75.2%。男生蔬菜总量,深色蔬菜,水果和总分的得分均低于女生(P<0.05)。城市中心地区CHDI总分高于城郊结合地区和远郊地区(P<0.05)。结论 上海市高中生的膳食结构欠合理,膳食质量一般,城市中心地区优于其他地区。建议增加蔬菜、水果、鱼虾类和奶及奶制品的摄入,适当减少畜禽肉类摄入。

OBJECTIVE To understand the dietary intake quantity and quality of high school students in Shanghai education. METHODS From 2015 to 2016, Shanghai center for disease control and prevention divided the school into three levels(urban area, suburban area and rural area) according to the economic level and population composition of the street where the school was located. The probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique was used to select 19 high schools, from which 9 boys and 9 girls from same class were randomly recruited for each grade. A total of 1026 students were recruited. The survey included general situation questionnaire and dietary inquiry. Participants were required to complete the standardized questionnaire form through face-to-face interviews with trained interviewers. Chinese Dietary Guidelines(2016) was used to evaluate dietary quantity while China healthy diet index(CHDI) was used to evaluate dietary quality. RESULTS The medians of intake of grain, vegetables, fruits, meat/livestock, fish/shrimp, eggs, milk and milk products, bean and bean products, cooking oil, cooking salt were 313.8, 189.7, 66.3, 179.2, 34.7,48.9, 133.3, 33.3, 27.1 and 6.0 g/d within high school students, respectively. In both boys and girls, the medians of intake of vegetables, fruits, fish/shrimp, dairy products were lower than reference standard and meat/livestock was higher(P<0.05). The intake differences among different area's high school students upon grain, vegetables, fruits, poultry/livestock, fish/shrimp, dairy products, beans/nuts, cooking oil, cooking salt were statistically significant(P<0.05). The CHDI median total score of high school students was 68.5 in Shanghai. 75.2% of the CHDI total scores were between 60 and 80. The vegetable score, dark vegetable score, fruit score and total CHDI score in boys were significantly lower than those in girls(P<0.05). The urban area CHDI score was significantly higher than suburban's and countryside's(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Both dietary structure and dietary quality are inappropriate and unfit within high school students in Shanghai, the urban area's condition is better than another two. We suggest to increase intake of vegetables, fruits, fish/shrimp, dairy products while decrease poultry/livestock's consumption.