卫生研究

目的分析2015年中国65岁及以上老年人膳食能量及宏量营养素摄入状况。方法数据来自"2015年中国成人慢性病与营养监测"项目,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)302个监测点中18 161名65岁及以上老年人的有效膳食数据进行分析,膳食数据采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法及3天家庭食用油和调味品称重法收集,利用2004年和2009年《中国食物成分表》计算每日能量摄入量、宏量营养素的摄入量及供能比,按照《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)》的标准对能量和宏量营养素的摄入状况进行评价。结果 2015年中国65岁及以上老年人每日能量的平均摄入量为1595.5 kcal,碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪的平均摄入量分别为208.7、47.9和63.6 g,其供能比分别为52.7%、12.1%和35.4%。城市老年人碳水化合物摄入量及其供能比分别为202.3 g和51.4%,均低于农村老年人(213.6 g和53.7%,P<0.05);城市老年人蛋白质摄入量及其供能比分别为50.8 g和12.9%,均高于农村(45.6 g和11.5%,P<0.001);城市老年人脂肪的摄入量及供能比分别为64.1 g和35.9%,农村分别为63.3 g和35.0%,城乡间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高龄老人尤其是农村高龄老人的能量、碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪的平均摄入量均为最低,分别为1394.4 kcal、182.4 g、40.1 g和56.4 g。按照膳食营养素参考摄入量的标准,75.8%的老年人能量摄入不足,41.5%的老年人碳水化合物摄入不足,76.6%的老年人蛋白质摄入不足,64.5%的老年人脂肪摄入过多。结论 2015年中国65岁及以上老年人的膳食摄入不合理的现象严重,高龄老人尤其是农村高龄老人蛋白质摄入不足的情况最为严重。

OBJECTIVE To analyze the intakes of dietary energy and macronutrients among the elderly aged 65 and above in China in 2015.METHODS Data was from the China National Chronic Non-communicable Disease and Nutrition Surveillance of adults in 2015.Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used. The valid dietary data of 18 161 the elderly aged 65 and above were extracted from 302 surveillance sites in 31 provinces.Consecutive 3-day 24-hour dietary recall method and household cooking oils and condiments weighting method were applied to collect dietary intakes data. The intakes of daily energy and macronutrients were calculated using China Food Composition Tables 2004 and 2009, and the dietary quality were evaluated according to 2013 Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes.RESULTS The study showed that the average intake of daily energy was 1595.5 kcal, the average intake of carbohydrates, proteins and fats were 208.7 g,47.9 g and 63.6 g,respectively.The proportion of energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats were 52.7%,12.1% and 35.4%, respectively. The carbohydrates intake and proportion of energy from carbohydrates among urban elderly were 202.3 g and 51.4%,all lower than that in rural(213.6 g and 53.7%,P<0.05).While the proteins intake and proportion of energy from proteins among urban elderly were 50.8 g and 12.9%,all higher than rural elderly(45.6 g and 11.5%,P<0.001).The fats intake and proportion of energy from fats among urban elderly were 64.1 g and 35.9%,rural elderly were 63.3 g and 35.0%, there were no significant differences in fats intake and proportion of energy from fats between urban elderly and rural elderly(P>0.05).The dietary intake of energy and macronutrients among the oldest old were lowest, especially those in rural areas, were 1394.4 kcal, 182.4 g, 40.1 g and 56.4 g. In 2015, the rate of energy lower than EER among the elderly was 75.8%, and the rate of percentage of energy from carbohydrates lower than DRIs was 41.5%. The rate of proteins lower than recommended nutrient intake was 76.6%.The rate of percentage of energy from fats higher than dietary reference intakes was 64.5%.CONCLUSION In China, the unreasonable dietary intake among the elderly aged 65 and above is severe, and the oldest old especially those in rural areas have the most serious deficiency in proteins intake.