卫生研究

目的 明确食品用菌种起源、概念、分类及功效类型等基础属性，梳理国内外相关政策标准与管理模式的差异，剖析当前市场发展现状及存在的核心问题。方法 采用文献梳理与实地调研相结合的研究方法，系统梳理食品用菌种的起源演变、定义范畴、分类体系及功效类型，对比分析国内外食品用菌种的政策标准框架与管理模式差异，基于2025年7—10月收集的470份添加食品用菌种普通食品的调研数据，对市场规模、产品特征、现存问题进行量化与质性分析。结果 食品用菌种应用历史悠久，其概念与分类随生物技术进步持续完善，2022年国内外同步更新菌种名单，其中乳杆菌分类调整对食品工业产生显著影响。中国食品用菌种市场规模呈持续增长态势，2024年终端市场规模达1348.9亿元，产品向多样化、精细化方向发展，添加复合菌剂的产品成为市场主流，但同时存在标签标识不规范、普通食品违规进行功能性宣称、食品用菌种检测技术支撑不足等问题。此外，国内外食用菌种管理均遵循安全性优先、强调菌株特异性的核心原则，但在监管分类界定、审批流程设计、健康声称要求等方面存在明显差异。结论 中国含食品用菌种的食品市场发展潜力显著，但需通过强化标签标识全链条监管、完善食品用菌种检验检测技术体系、严格规范普通食品功能宣称行为、提升本土企业核心竞争力等多维度举措，破解市场现存问题，推动行业向规范化、高质量方向可持续发展。

OBJECTIVE To systematically investigate the Chinese food market for food-grade microbial strains in 2025, clarify the fundamental attributes such as the concept, classification, and efficacy types of these strains, analyze differences in domestic and international policies, standards, and management models, assess the current market development status and core issues.METHODS A combination of literature review and field survey was adopted. First, the evolution, definition, classification system, and efficacy types of food-grade microbial strains were systematically reviewed. Second, differences in the policy frameworks and management models for food-grade microbial strains between domestic and international contexts were compared. Finally, based on survey data collected from 470 ordinary food products containing food-grade microbial strains from July to October 2025, quantitative and qualitative analyses of market size, product characteristics, and existing issues were conducted.RESULTS The food-grade microbial strains have a long history of application, with their concepts and classifications continuously refined as biotechnology advances. In 2022, both domestic and international lists of microbial strains were updated, and the reclassification of lactobacilli had a significant impact on the food industry. The Chinese market for food-grade microbial strains showed sustained growth, reaching a terminal market size of 134.89 billion yuan in 2024. Products were diversifying and becoming more refined, with composite microbial agent-containing products dominating the market. However, issues such as non-standard labeling, unauthorized functional claims for ordinary foods, and insufficient support for food-grade microbial strain testing technology persisted. Additionally, while both domestic and international regulations prioritized safety and emphasized strain-specific characteristics, notable differences existed in regulatory classification, approval process design, and health claim requirements.CONCLUSION The Chinese food market for food-grade microbial strains has significant growth potential. However, addressing existing issues requires multifaceted measures, including strengthening full-chain supervision of labeling standards, improving the inspection and testing technology system for food-grade microbial strains, strictly regulating the functional claims of ordinary foods, and enhancing the core competitiveness of domestic enterprises. These efforts will help resolve current market challenges and promote the industry's sustainable development toward standardization and high quality.