卫生研究

目的分析2004—2015年中国成年居民膳食营养知识知晓率变化趋势。方法数据来源于"中国健康与营养调查",选择参加2004—2015年调查、有完整人口学特征和膳食营养相关知识调查数据的18岁及以上居民作为研究对象,分析不同年份中国九省(自治区)、三直辖市、三省成年居民及不同特征九省(自治区)成年居民对《中国居民膳食指南》(以下简称膳食指南)或《中国居民平衡膳食宝塔》(以下简称宝塔)及具体膳食营养知识的知晓率及变化趋势。结果 2004、2006、2009、2011和2015年调查分别有9615、9702、9999、12 990和15 958名成年居民纳入研究。2004—2015年间中国九省成年居民对膳食指南或宝塔的知晓率呈显著上升趋势(P<0.0001),2015年知晓率达21.1%,是2004年的2.9倍;对7项正确膳食营养知识的知晓率在5轮调查中均呈显著上升趋势(P<0.0001),且在2006年出现明显的拐点,各轮调查对主食相关命题的知晓率均较低,尤其是2004年仅0.9%;对5项错误膳食营养知识的知晓率在2004—2015年变化趋势不尽相同。其中,糖、高脂肪食物、体育锻炼及体重相关命题的知晓率呈显著下降趋势(P<0.0001),且各轮调查体育锻炼的知晓率较低;成年居民膳食营养知识总体知晓率在2004—2015年呈上升趋势(P<0.0001),但各轮调查的总体知晓率均非常低,2015年仅为4.0%。2015年中国3个直辖市(北京、上海和重庆)成年居民对膳食指南或宝塔的知晓率显著高于2011年(P<0.0001),但对绝大多数膳食营养知识命题的知晓率显著低于2011年(P<0.05);2011年和2015年3个直辖市膳食指南或宝塔的知晓率明显高于同一年份九省或三省。九省不同年龄、性别、教育程度、居住地区和地理位置组成年居民在各轮调查对膳食指南或宝塔及膳食营养知识的知晓率均呈与全人群类似的变化趋势,同一年份不同特征组存在知晓率差异。结论 2004—2015年中国九省(自治区)成年居民对《中国居民膳食指南》或《中国居民平衡膳食宝塔》的知晓率及膳食营养知识总体知晓率较低,特别是主食和肉类食物消费及身体活动相关知识的知晓情况。

OBJECTIVE To analyze the changes in the awareness of nutritional knowledge in Chinese adults during 2004-2015. METHODS The present study used data from "China Health and Nutrition Health" and selected those participated in surveys conducted in 2004-2015, with completed data of demographic characteristics and nutritional knowledge measurement and aged 18 years and above as subjects. We analyzed the awareness rates of Chinese Dietary Guidelines and various nutritional knowledges in adults from different provinces and adults of 9 provinces by characteristics, and evaluated the changes during 2004-2015. RESULTS There were 9615, 9702, 9999, 12 990 and 15 958 subjects in waves of 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2015, respectively. Awareness of dietary guidelines in adults from 9 provinces significantly increased during 2004-2015(P<0.0001), and the rate was 21.1% in 2015, 2.9 times as high as that in 2004. The awareness rates of all seven correct nutritional knowledges also displayed an increased trend during survey periods(P<0.0001), and there was a considerable rise in 2006. Awareness on staple foods was lower in each wave, especially in 2004(0.9%). The changes in the awareness of all five wrong nutritional knowledges were inconsistent during 2004-2015, in which the awareness on sugar, high fat foods and physical activity showed a decreased trend(P<0.0001), and the awareness rate of physical activity was lower. Overall awareness of nutritional knowledges in adults tended to increase during 2004-2015(P<0.0001), however, that in each wave was very low, and just 4.0% in 2015. Awareness of dietary guidelines in adults from 3 municipalities in 2015 was higher than that in 2011(P<0.0001), but the differences were opposite for most of nutritional knowledges. Moreover, awareness of dietary guidelines of 3 municipalities(Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing)in 2011 and 2015 was higher than corresponding rate in 9 provinces or newly recruited 3 provinces. There were similar changes in the awareness of dietary guidelines and nutritional knowledges in adults from 9 provinces by age, gender, education level, residence area and location during 2004-2015 to that in total population, and there were differences in the awareness of nutritional knowledge by demographic characteristics in some survey waves. CONCLUSION The awareness of dietary guidelines and overall awareness of nutritional knowledges were lower in Chinese adults, especially for the items on staple foods, meat and physical activity.