卫生研究

目的探讨孕早期焦虑和抑郁对妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的影响。方法采用前瞻性研究,于2017年通过立意抽样方法选取四川省妇幼保健院产前门诊1426名孕8～14周单胎健康孕妇为研究对象,年龄为(28.6±4.0)岁。通过问卷调查收集其年龄、孕前体重、产次、孕次等基本信息,分别采用焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)与抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)收集孕早期焦虑和抑郁信息,根据中国常模标准评价其焦虑和抑郁症状;于孕24～28周行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),根据《中国妊娠合并糖尿病诊治指南(2014)》诊断GDM。多因素非条件Logistic回归模型分析孕早期焦虑和抑郁对GDM的影响。结果孕早期焦虑组和抑郁组GDM发生率分别为41.8%和33.6%。孕早期妇女焦虑、抑郁、焦虑合并抑郁发生率分别为7.7%、10.5%和4.8%,<30岁组孕早期焦虑和抑郁发生率(9.0%和11.7%)均高于≥30岁组孕妇(5.3%和8.1%),初产妇组孕早期焦虑和抑郁发生率(8.8%和11.9%)均高于经产妇组(5.4%和6.4%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。调整年龄、孕前体质指数、糖尿病家族史、孕次、产次、能量摄入量、受孕方式、文化程度、职业、吸烟否及饮酒否混杂因素后,多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示:与孕早期非焦虑组孕妇比较,焦虑组孕妇GDM发生风险增加(OR=1.556,95%CI 1.014～2.387),未观察到孕早期抑郁与GDM发生有关(P>0.05)。在<30岁孕妇中,与孕早期非焦虑组比较,孕早期焦虑组GDM发生风险增加(OR=1.654,95%CI 1.004～2.726);在初产妇中,与孕早期非焦虑组比较,焦虑组GDM发生风险增加(OR=1.633,95%CI 1.013～2.634)。在≥30岁孕妇和经产妇中,均未观察到焦虑与GDM发生风险有关(P>0.05)。结论孕妇孕早期焦虑增加GDM发生风险,30岁以下孕妇及初产妇为焦虑高危人群。

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of anxiety and depression on gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) in early pregnancy. METHODS A prospective study was conducted in 2017 to select 1426 single-child healthy pregnant women of 8-14 weeks from the Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children through a deliberate sampling method. The age was(28.6±4.0) years old. Basic information such as age, pre-pregnancy weight, parity, and gravidity of pregnant women was collected through questionnaire survey. The anxiety self-rating scale(SAS) and depression self-rating scale(SDS) were used to collect information of anxiety and depression in pregnant women, and their anxiety and depressive symptoms were evaluated according to the result of Chinese norm. At 24 to 28 weeks of gestation, the oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) was conducted. GDM was diagnosed according to the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pregnancy Diabetes in China(2014). Multivariate unconditional Logistic regression was adopted to analyze the effects of anxiety and depression on GDM in pregnant women. RESULTS The incidence of GDM in early pregnancy anxiety group and depression group was 41.8% and 33.6%, respectively. The incidence of anxiety, depression, and anxiety combined with depression were 7.7%, 10.5% and 4.8%, respectively. The incidence of anxiety and depression in the group of pregnant women younger than 30 years old(9.0% and 11.7%) was higher than that in the group of pregnant women older than 30 years old(5.3% and 8.1%). The prevalence of anxiety and depression in the group of nulliparous women(8.8% and 11.9%) was higher than that in the group of multiparous women(5.4% and 6.4%). The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). After adjusting the confounding factors such as age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, family history of diabetes, gravidity, parity, energy intake, conception, education, occupation, smoking and drinking, the result showed that the risk of GDM in anxious pregnant women was increased, compared with that in non-anxious pregnant women in early pregnancy(OR=1.556, 95% CI 1.014-2.387).However, the association between early pregnancy depression and the occurrence of GDM was not found(P>0.05).Compared with the non-anxiety group in the early pregnancy, the risk of GDM in the anxiety group was increased both in pregnant women under 30 years old(OR=1.654, 95% CI 1.004-2.726) and nulliparous women(OR=1.633, 95% CI 1.013-2.634). No correlation between anxiety and risk of GDM was observed in pregnant women over 30 years old and multiparous women(P>0.05). CONCLUSION Anxiety in early pregnancy increases the risk of GDM. Pregnant women under 30 years old and and nulliparous women are at high risk of anxiety.